Senin, 10 Maret 2014 - 0 komentar

Tenses and the exercises




Simple Present Tense

The present tense is a grammatical tense whose principal function is to locate a situation or event in present time. The Present Tense describes the things you do every day. Note the use of an "s" at the end of the verb when describing a man, a woman, or a thing. The term "present tense" is usually used in descriptions of specific languages to refer to a particular grammatical form or set of forms; these may have a variety of uses, not all of which will necessarily refer to present time. The Present Tense describes the things you do every day. Note the use of an "s" at the end of the verb when describing a man, a woman, or a thing.


USE 1 Repeated Actions

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.
Examples:
  • play tennis.
  • She does not play tennis.
  • Does he play tennis?

USE 2 Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.
Examples:
  • Cats like milk.
  • Birds do not like milk.
  • Do pigs like milk?

USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.
Examples:
  • The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
  • The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
  • When do we board the plane?

USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbsand certain Mixed Verbs.
Examples:
  • am here now.
  • He needs help right now.
  • He does not need help now.

ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
  • You only speak English.
  • Do you only speak English?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
  • Once a week, Tom cleans the car. Active
  • Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. Passive

Simple Past Tense

The past tense is a grammatical tense whose principal function is to place an action or situation in past time. In languages which have a past tense, it thus provides a grammatical means of indicating that the event being referred to took place in the past. Examples of verbs in the past tense include the English verbs sangwent and was.

USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
Examples:
  • saw a movie yesterday.
  • didn't see a play yesterday.
  • Last year, I traveled to Japan.

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Examples:
  • finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
  • He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
  • Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

USE 3 Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.
Examples:
  • lived in Brazil for two years.
  • Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
  • A : How long did you wait for them?
B : We waited for one hour.

USE 4 Habits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.
Examples:
  • studied French when I was a child.
  • He played the violin.
  • He didn't play the piano.

USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."
Examples:
  • She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
  • He didn't like tomatoes before.
  • Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?

IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First
Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses.
Examples:
  • When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question.
  • She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.
When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar.
Example:
  • I paid her one dollar when she answered my question.
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
  • You just called Debbie.
  • Did you just call Debbie?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
  • Tom repaired the car. Active
  • The car was repaired by Tom. Passive

Simple Future Tense

In grammar, a future tense is a verb form that generally marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future. Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.



FORM Will
[will + verb]
Examples:
  • You will help him later.
  • Will you help him later?
  • You will not help him later.
FORM Be Going To
[am/is/are + going to + verb]
Examples:
  • You are going to meet Jane tonight.
  • Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
  • You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
  • will send you the information when I get it.
  • Will you help me move this heavy table?
  • A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.

USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:
  • will call you when I arrive.
  • If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
  • I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.

USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
  • He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
  • She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
  • A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.

USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.
Examples:
  • The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
  • The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
  • John Smith will be the next President.

IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.

No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.
Examples:
  • When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
  • When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
  • You will never help him.
  • Are you ever going to meet Jane?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
  • John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
  • The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive
  • Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
  • A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive

Present Perfect Tense

The present perfect is a grammatical combination of the present tense and the perfect aspect, used to express a past event that has present consequences. The term is used particularly in the context of English grammar, where it refers to forms such as "I have left" and "Sue has died". These forms are present because they use the present tense of the auxiliary verb have, and perfect because they use that auxiliary in combination with the past participle of the main verb. (Other perfect constructions also exist, such as the past perfect: "I had eaten.")

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Examples:
  • have seen that movie twenty times.
  • I think I have met him once before.
  • There have been many earthquakes in California.
  • People have traveled to the Moon.

How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?
The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:
TOPIC 1 Experience
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.
Examples:
  • have been to France.
This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
  • have been to France three times.
You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
  • have never been to France.
This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
TOPIC 2 Change Over Time
We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
Examples:
  • You have grown since the last time I saw you.
  • The government has become more interested in arts education.
  • Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
TOPIC 3 Accomplishments
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
Examples:
  • Man has walked on the Moon.
  • Our son has learned how to read.
TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting
We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.
Examples:
  • James has not finished his homework yet.
  • Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times
We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.
Examples:
  • The army has attacked that city five times.
  • have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
Time Expressions with Present Perfect
When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.

Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.

Examples:
  • Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
  • have seen that movie six times in the last month.
  • They have had three tests in the last week.
  • She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
NOTICE
"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.
Examples:
  • went to Mexico last year.
I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
  • have been to Mexico in the last year.
I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.
USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.
Examples:
  • have had a cold for two weeks.
  • She has been in England for six months.
  • Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
  • You have only seen that movie one time.
  • Have you only seen that movie one time?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
  • Many tourists have visited that castle. Active
  • That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive

EXERCISES 

REVIEW : TENSE FORMS

1.       I spend my money                               a. I spent my money
b. I will spend my money
c. I have spent my money

2.       They use that one                                a. They used that one
b. They will use that one
c. They have used that one

3.       We study English together                a. We studied English together
b. We will study English together
c. we have studied English together

4.       They discuss their work                      a. They discussed their work
b. They will discuss their work
c. They have discussed their work

5.       They have enough time                     a. They had enough time
b. They will have enough time
c. They have had enough time

6.       I do all of the lessons                           a. I did all of the lessons
b. I will do all of the lessons
c. I have done all of the lessons

7.       He sits in that row                                 a. He sat in that row
b. He will sit in that row
c. He has sat in that row

8.       I drive my car                                          a. I drove my car
b. I will drive my car
c. I have driven my car

9.       She hides her money                          a. She hid her money
b. She will hide her money
c. She has hidden her money

10.   We go to school                                     a. We went to school
b. We will go to school
c. We have gone to school

11.   He takes much time                             a. He took much time
b. He will take much time
c. He has taken much time

12.   Does he eat there ?                             a. Did he eat there ?
b. Will he eat there ?
c. Has he eaten there ?

13.   Do you enjoy that work ?                  a. Did you enjoy that work ?
b. Will you enjoy that work ?
c. Have you enjoyed that work ?

14.   Does he write many letters ?           a. Did he write many letters ?
b. Will he write many letters ?
c. Has he written many letters ?

15.   Do you send many letters ?              a. Did you send many letters ?
b. Will you send many letters ?
c. Have you sent many letters ?

16.   Do they explain everything ?           a. Did they explain everything ?
b. Will they explain everything ?
c. Have they explained everything ?

17.   Does she attend that class ?             a. Did she attend that class ?
b. Will she attend that class ?
c. Has she attended that class ?

18.   Do you have enough time ?             a. Did you have enough money ?
b. Will you have enough money ?
c. have you had enough money ?

19.   Do they copy the sentences ?         a. Did they copy the sentences ?
b. Will thye copy the sentences ?
c. Have they copy the sentences ?

20.   Does she have much trouble ?        a. Did she have much trouble ?
b. Will she have much trouble ?
c. Has she had much trouble ?

21.   Does she do good work ?                  a. Did she do good work ?
b. Will she do good work ?
c. Has she done good work ?

22.   Do the students practice ?                a. Did the students practice ?
b. Will the students practice ?
c. Have the students practiced?

23.   I don’t stay there                                  a. I didn’t stay there
b. I won’t stay there
c. I haven’t stayed there

24.   He doesn’t work hard                         a. He didn’t work hard
b. He won’t work hard
c. He hasn’t worked hard

25.   I don’t have any energy                     a. I didn’t  have any energy
b. I won’t have any energy
c. I haven’t had any energy

26.   He doesn’t pay the bills                      a. He didn’t pay the bills
b. He won’t pay the bills
c. He hasn’t paid the bills

27.   We don’t see that fellow                   a. We didn’t see that fellow
b. We won’t see that fellow
c. We haven’t seen that fellow

28.   She doesn’t use this one                   a. She didn’t use this one
b. She won’t use this one
c. She hasn’t used this one

29.   They don’t remember it                    a. They didn’t remember it
b. They won’t remember it
c. They haven’t remembered it

30.   I don’t do much work here               a. I didn’t do much work here
b. I won’t do much work here
c. I haven’t done much work here

31.   He doesn’t listen carefully               a. He didn’t listen carefully
b. He won’t listen carefully
c. He hasn’t listen carefully



1.       Mr. Harris taught  English at this school for five years.
2.       I  writen three or four letters to that company.
3.       The students in this class done those two lessons already.
4.       I known professor moore for more than twelve years.
5.       Richard taken three courses in English at this school.
6.       These steps are dangerous. I fallen on them several times.
7.       Mr. Kramer been in the United States for three years.
8.       The janitor already shut the back door.
9.       The students read all the stories in that book.
10.   Marjorie choosen a pretty dress for the party.
11.   I spoken to my boss about the problem several times.
12.   That tree grown at least five feet since last year.
13.   Miss King spent over eighteen hundred dollars since May.
14.   Mr. and Mrs. Smith bought a new house in North Plains.
15.   The real estate agent sold the Smith’s house.
16.   Charless had a bad cold for a whole week.
17.   I’m sorry. I forgotten the name of that book.
18.   We already heard that new song several times.
19.   Mr. Wilson isn’t here. He gone out of town for the weekend.
20.   Mr. Kennedy worn his blue suit to the office only twice.
21.   I sat in this same seat since the first day of classes.
22.   The money isn’t in this drawer. Someone stolen it !
23.   Up to now, I understood every lesson in the book.
24.   We had absolutely no trouble with our car so far.
25.   No one found that girl’s purse and gloves yet.
26.   The weather been very warm ever since last Thursday.
27.   Mr. Anderson and Mr. Brown had lunch already.
28.   I seen the Empire State Building hundreds of time.
29.   We already spoken to thr director and given him the message.
30.   Grandmother never flown in an airplane before.
31.   You torn your shirt ! There’s a hole in the left sleeve.
32.   I already read the customer’s letter and written a reply to him.  

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